Carabelli’s cusp

Additional cusp on the mesio-lingual border of the upper molars. Seen at the highest frequency among those of European descent. (Hillson 1996)

Enamel extension

Found on teeth with multiple roots, enamel extends down the root. Most commonly found in upper premolars and molars. (Hillson 1996)

Enamel pearl

Found in association with enamel extensions, except the enamel forms a small nodule. Most commonly found in upper second and third molars. (Hillson 1996)

Shovel-shaped incisors

The marginal ridges on the lingual aspect of the incisor are prominent with a deep central fossa. If on the lingual and labial surface this is termed double shoveling.

Supernumerary

Additional teeth, may be seen at multiple locations within the maxillary or mandibular alveoli. These teeth may be peg shaped.

For more information on non-metric dental variation see Hillson’s (1996) Dental Anthropology or Turner et al. (1991) for an introduction to the series of dental casts of several non-metric traits available through Arizona State University.