Abscess

Cavitations in the bone surrounding the tooth root, resulting in the loss of a tooth and eventually absorption of the bone.

Caries

Destruction of one of the three dental structures (enamel, dentine, or cementum), caused by bacteria in the mouth. These may be located on the occlusal surface, smooth surface, within the pulp chamber, at the cemento-enamel junction, or on the root. May be seen as a brown spot in the early phase, followed by creation of a cavity within the affected structure.

Dental enamel hypoplasia

Defect in the enamel of the tooth caused due to developmental issues during secretion of the structure. May cause bands of varying thickness around the circumference of the tooth; also seen in the form of pitting. Thought to be associated with a number of physiological stressors including but not limited to malnutrition, parasites, and weaning.